I. Chamber Music
- A. Music for a small ensemble
  - 1. two to ten performers: one per part
  - 2. players function as a team: equal participation
  - 3. conversations without words
  - 4. predictable musical forms
- B. Favored combinations:
  - 1. string quartet: central position
    - a. instrumentation: violin 1, violin 2, viola, and cello
  - 2. duo sonatas, piano trio, quintets
II. Expanding Musical Ideas
- A. Theme: musical idea, building block
- B. Thematic development
  - 1. melodic outline, rhythm or harmony varied
  - 2. extension, contraction, repetition
  - 3. motive: melodic or rhythmic fragment of a theme
  - 4. sequence: repeated at higher or lower level
  - 5. larger forms: clarity, coherence, logic
III. Classical Forms
- A. Absolute music: no prescribed story or text
  - 1. form holds music together
  - 2. recognizable structures; dependent on listener's expectations
- B. Multimovement cycle
  - 1. three or four separate movements in one piece
  - 2. each movement: internal form
  - 3. prescribed forms and tempos:
    - a. 1st mvt: sonata-allegro form; Allegro
    - b. 2nd mvt: theme and variations, (or A-B-A); Andante or Adagio
    - c. 3rd mvt (optional): minuet and trio, or scherzo and trio; Allegretto or Allegro
    - d. 4th mvt (last): sonata-allegro (or rondo, or sonata-rondo); Allegro or Vivace
  - 4. instrumental works: symphonies, sonatas, concertos, string quartets, other chamber music
  - 5. Classical and Romantic eras
- C. The second movement: theme and variations
  - 1. Andante or Adagio (slow tempo)
  - 2. lyrical, songful melodies,
  - 3. form: theme and variations (or A-B-A)
    - a. theme and variations: theme clearly stated; series of variations
    - b. theme: two- or three-part idea
    - c. series of variations
      - i. melodic: adding or omitting notes
      - ii. harmonic: chords and accompaniment changed; shift to different key
      - iii. rhythmic: note lengths, meter, or tempo altered
      - iv. texture: enriched; new themes, countermelodies
IV. Haydn's Emperor Quartet
- A. Joseph Haydn (1732–1809)
  - 1. prolific Austrian composer
  - 2. choirboy at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna
  - 3. Esterházys: patrons for nearly thirty years
    - a. directed orchestra, opera company, marionette theater, chapel
  - 4. successful trips to London, 1790s
  - 5. important in development of orchestra and string quartet
  - 6. expressive harmony, structural logic, varied moods
  - 7. output: over 100 symphonies, 68 string quartets, concertos, 14 operas, keyboard music
- B. Emperor Quartet
  - 1. Op. 76, set of six quartets
    - a. Emperor: third in set
  - 2. second movement: based on his own hymn tune
    - a. Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser (God Keep Franz the Emperor)
    - b. became Austrian national anthem
- C. LG 18: Haydn, String Quartet, Op.76, No. 3, (Emperor), Second Movement (1797)